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- subject = Psychology
- title = Hypnosis
- papers = Hypnotism
- By:Rick Gambrino
-
- The
- Encarta Encyclopedia defines hypnosis as,"altered state of consciousness and
- heightened responsiveness to suggestion; it may be induced by normal persons
- by a variety of methods and has been used occasionally in medical and psychiatric
- treatment. Most frequently brought about through actions of an operator, or
- "hypnotist", who engages the attention of a subject and assigns certain tasks
- to him or her while uttering monotonous, repetitive verbal commands; such tasks
- may include muscle relaxation, eye fixation, and arm leviation. Hypnosis also
- may be self-induced, by trained relaxation, concentration on one's own breathing,
- or by a variety of monotonous practices and rituals that are found in many
- mystical, philosophical, and religious systems." Another generally reliable
- source Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary defines it as,"a sleep
- like condition psychically induced, usually by another person, in which the
- subject loses consciousness but responds, with certain limitations, to the
- suggest
- ions of the hypnotist." As I stated earlier, these two sources are
- very reputed and the general population believes that they are correct. Yet,
- however often they may be correct, in this case they are not, or at least not
- completely. Not according to the scientific community at least. My sources
- for this statement are The World Book Encyclopedia, The Wizard from Vienna:
- Franz Anton Mesmer, Applied Hypnosis: An Overview, American Medical Journal,
- and Hypnosis: Is It For You? Although they state it in different ways they
- all basically agree that nobody can give a very accurate definition or description
- of hypnosis, or hypnosis. Although some may get the definition partly correct,
- the chances of doing so completely are very, very low. So although I will
- probably not be able to give a totally accurate account of hypnosis and its
- workings, I will try.
- Although evidence suggests that hypnosis has been
- practiced in some form or another for several thousand years, such as in coal
- walking, the earliest recorded history of hypnosis begins in 1734. It begins
- with a man named Franz Anton Mesmer. Although he was eventually disavowed
- by the scientific community because of his unorthodox methods that made him
- seem more of a mysticist that a scientist, he is generally known as the father
- of hypnotism. Mesmer called his methods Mesmerism, thus the word mesmerize,
- but the name didn't stick, it later changed to hypnosis, its name being derived
- from Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep. He believed that hypnosis was reached
- by using a person's "animal magnetism". He used "mesmerism" to cure illness.
- In
- 1795 an English physician named James Braid, who was originally opposed to
- Mesmer's methods became interested. He believed that cures were not due to
- animal magnetism however, but the power of suggestion. This was the generally
- accepted opinion of the scientific community.
- Then in 1825 Jean Marie Charcot,
- a French neurologist, disagreed with "The Nancy School of Hypnotism", which
- followed the guidelines of James Braid's ideas. Charcot believed that hypnosis
- was simply a "manifestation of hysteria". He revived Mesmer's theory of animal
- magnetism and identified the three stages of the trance; lethargy, catalepsy,
- and somnambulism.
- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was not a scientist who
- worked with hypnosis. Although he had nothing to do with the hypnotic development
- itself, his Stimulus Response Theory is a cornerstone linking and anchoring
- behaviors, particularly NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming).
- Emily Coue (1857-1926)
- a physician, formulated the Laws of Suggestion which are greatly used in the
- hypnotic community. Her first law is The Law of Concentrated Attention: "Whenever
- attention is concentrated on an idea over and over again, it spontaneously
- tends to realize itself". The second law is- The Law of Reverse Action: "The
- harder one tries to do something, the less chance one has of success." Finally,
- the last law is The Law of Dominant Effect: "A stronger emotion tends to replace
- a weaker one."
- Milton Erickson (1932-1974), a psychologist and psychiatrist
- pioneered the art of indirect suggestion in hypnosis. He is considered the
- father of modern hypnosis. His methods bypassed the conscious mind through
- the use of both verbal and nonverbal pacing techniques including metaphor,
- confusion, and many others. He was definitely a major influence in contemporary
- hypnotherapy's acceptance by the American Medical Association.
- There are
- many misconceptions about hypnosis that are totally without basis. Such as,
- "Hypnotized persons will tell secrets or will always tell the truth." The
- truth is, hypnosis will not cause a person to tell information the do not want
- to tell and a person under hypnosis can purposefully lie or remember in a distorted
- fashion. Another myth about hypnotism is, "Hypnosis won't work on highly intelligent
- people." In reality innate characteristics such as intelligence do not at
- all effect hypnotism. Any person however can resist being hypnotized either
- actively or passively, if they desire. I believe that hypnotism would be a
- more commonly used method in medicine if it were not for all the myths going
- around about hypnotism. They are probably the result of the very limited knowledge
- of exactly how hypnosis works.
- Hypnosis has been used to treat a variety
- of physiological and behavioral problems. It can alleviate back pain and pain
- that comes from burns or cancer. It is controversial as to whether this actually
- works or not, but it is believed that it can be used to insure normal and safe
- childbirth. Hypnosis sometimes is employed to treat physical problems with
- a psychological component, such as a circulatory disease known as Raynaud's
- Syndrome. It has also been used to initiate behavioral changes, for example
- cigarette smoking, overeating, insomnia, and the overcoming of phobia's. Although
- hypnotism has shown its uses as a fairly valuable medical tool, in this modern
- "technological age" there are very few physicians who use it.
- The major use
- of hypnotism in modern days, is entertainment. Performed as a sort of "Magic
- Show" it is used to cause some people to laugh, and some people to be amazed.
- Hypnotism has come a long way since 1734 and who knows what future developments
- will be made in this field? It may become a commonly used medical tool, or
- it may come to be thought of as a completely useless "magic trick".
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